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The article analyzes the relationship between law enforcement authorities and drone journalists, professionals who use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for newsgathering purposes, in Spain. The study has two specific objectives. First, to identify the criteria that law enforcement authorities have set for the public dissemination in traditional and social media of the drone footage they have obtained as part of their police operations, and to characterize the relationship that exists between law enforcement authorities and drone journalists. The study is guided by three hypotheses: Spanish law enforcement authorities have more capacity than journalists to shoot aerial news footage (H1); for Spanish law enforcement authorities, the informational use that can be made of the drone footage they obtain is of secondary importance (H2); and drone journalists feel their work is heavily restricted by law enforcement authorities (H3). These hypotheses are tested with the use of in-depth interviews with representatives of three law enforcement organizations in Spain and five drone pilots who have collaborated with news media outlets. The study concludes that the current regulatory framework for UAVs in Spain is very restrictive, in comparison to other countries, which prevents the development of drone journalism.

During the Great Patriotic War, the law enforcement agencies of Soviet Kyrgyzstan performed a number of tasks related to maintaining public order in the country and the security of all citizens; special attention was paid to suppressing crimes to protect socialist legality and control the civilian population. Law enforcement agencies patrolled the streets of cities to carry out passport registration among visitors, fought against child homelessness and neglect. The article uses for the first time unpublished archival documents of party organs; minutes of the meeting of the bureau of the Osh regional party committee and reports of the heads of state and party authorities.

The need for law enforcement authorities cooperating with private companies is not new. Personal data retained by private companies can be necessary for the purpose of preventing, detecting, investigating and prosecuting criminal offences. Besides issues with purpose limitation and retention periods, companies are developing products that aim to protect citizens' privacy and data by using encrypted software and building personal servers. Such products are good news for law-abiding citizens who are concerned with the protection of their personal data and privacy. Such products however also protect data that are part of criminal offences such as child sexual exploitation and terrorism, making it difficult for law enforcement authorities to access these data for the purpose of preventing, investigating or prosecuting these criminal offences. Thus, essential questions are how law enforcement authorities should approach this additional challenge on the one hand and how legislators should react to this on the other hand.

The increased adoption of social media has presented security and law enforcement authorities with significant new challenges. For example, the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO) asserts that a large proportion of radicalization takes place in open fora online. Still, approaches to contain social media-driven challenges to security, particularly in democratic societies, remain little explored. Nonetheless, this type of knowledge may become relevant in European countries in the near future: Amongst other factors, the challenging economic situation has resulted in increased public discontent leading to emergence or manifestation of groups that seek to challenge the existing policies by almost any means. Use of social media multiplies the number of vectors that need law enforcement attention. First, a high level of social media adaption allows groups to reach and attract a wider audience. Unlike previously, many groups today consist of a large but very loosely connected network. This lack of cohesion can present a challenge for authorities, to identify emerging key actors and assess threat levels. Second, a high level of mobile web penetration has allowed groups to ad-hoc organize, amend plans and redirect physical activities. Third, the tool social media is as not exclusive to potential perpetrators of unlawful action, but is as well available to law enforcement authorities. Yet, efficient utilization of social media requires a deep understanding of its nature and a well-crafted, comprehensive approach. Acknowledging the broad functionality of social media, as well as its current status in the society, this article describes a model process for security authorities and law enforcement work with social media in general and security services work in particular. The process is cyclic and largely modular. It provides a set of goals and tasks for each stage of a potential event, rather than fixed activities. This allows authorities to adapt the process to individual legal frameworks and organization setups. The approach behind the process is holistic where social media is regarded as both source and destination of information. Ultimately, the process aims at efficiently and effectively mitigating the risk of virtual and physical violence.

The results of the study, aimed at revealing the legal framework for ensuring human rights and freedoms as a basis for the activity of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, and highlighting the role of the National Police in ensuring human rights and freedoms, are presented.The scientific novelty of the study is that, based on the study of international and national regulatory legislation, the essence of the leading definitions related to the protection of human rights and freedoms is specified: «rights, freedoms», «human and citizen's rights», «protected features», «intersectionality», «law enforcement agencies», differentiated the concept of «rights» and «freedom», revealed the specifics of human and citizen rights, systematically analyzed the legal basis of social and legal protection, defined the role of law enforcement agencies, of the National Police of Ukraine in the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, outlined ways to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in ensuring social stability in society.It is established that an in-depth understanding of the essence of human and citizen's rights and freedoms ensures adherence to the democratic course of development of the state, selection of such forms and directions of activity of its human rights bodies and institutions, which ensure the implementation of the principle of guaranteeing the security of a person, which was enshrined in many international documents, received its further development of national legislation.Based on the study of specific regulations, the concept of «protected features» – the characteristics of a person under which there can be no privileges or restrictions in the society (race, color, political, religious and other beliefs, gender, ethnic and social background, property status, place) residence, linguistic or other features), and intersectionality – the totality or inter­section of these features in the context of considering the circumstances of a particular person's life. On this basis, the essence of human rights and freedoms as a general orientation of the state and all its institutions on the equality and fair distribution of public goods and resources is substantiated.It is emphasized that among the state bodies, which are obliged to take measures to ensure the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, the National Police plays an important role, which, in comparison with other law enforcement agencies, addresses the most issues related to the protection of human rights and freedoms. It is determined that this human rights structure, unlike others, was created for direct contact with citizens, and therefore the quality of human rights services provided by the state can be directly assessed by each person from his or her own life experience. Accordingly, the public's perception of all other law enforcement activities depends on the quality and efficiency of the work of the National Police.Key words: rights, freedoms, protected features, intersectionality, human and citizen rights, law enforcement agencies, activities of the National Police of Ukraine, international and national legislation. ; У статті на основі вивчення міжнародного та вітчизняного нормативного законодавства автором розкрито сутність основних дефініцій, пов'язаних із забезпеченням прав і свобод людини в суспільстві; диференційовано поняття «права» та «свободи», розкрито специфіку прав людини й громадянина; визначена роль правозахисних органів, зокрема Національної поліції України, у забезпеченні прав і свобод людини.Ключові слова: права, свободи, правоохоронні органи, Національна поліція України. В статье на основе изучения международного и отечественного нормативного законодательства автором раскрыта сущность основных дефиниций, связанных с обеспечением прав и свобод человека в обществе; дифференцированно понятие «права» и «свободы», раскрыта специфика прав человека и гражданина; определена роль правозащитных органов, в частности Национальной полиции Украины, в обеспечении прав и свобод человека.Ключевые слова: права, свободы, правоохранительные органы, Национальная полиция Украины. The results of the study, aimed at revealing the legal framework for ensuring human rights and freedoms as a basis for the activity of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, and highlighting the role of the National Police in ensuring human rights and freedoms, are presented.The scientific novelty of the study is that, based on the study of international and national regulatory legislation, the essence of the leading definitions related to the protection of human rights and freedoms is specified: «rights, freedoms», «human and citizen's rights», «protected features», «intersectionality», «law enforcement agencies», differentiated the concept of «rights» and «freedom», revealed the specifics of human and citizen rights, systematically analyzed the legal basis of social and legal protection, defined the role of law enforcement agencies, of the National Police of Ukraine in the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, outlined ways to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in ensuring social stability in society.It is established that an in-depth understanding of the essence of human and citizen's rights and freedoms ensures adherence to the democratic course of development of the state, selection of such forms and directions of activity of its human rights bodies and institutions, which ensure the implementation of the principle of guaranteeing the security of a person, which was enshrined in many international documents, received its further development of national legislation.Based on the study of specific regulations, the concept of «protected features» – the characteristics of a person under which there can be no privileges or restrictions in the society (race, color, political, religious and other beliefs, gender, ethnic and social background, property status, place) residence, linguistic or other features), and intersectionality – the totality or inter­section of these features in the context of considering the circumstances of a particular person's life. On this basis, the essence of human rights and freedoms as a general orientation of the state and all its institutions on the equality and fair distribution of public goods and resources is substantiated.It is emphasized that among the state bodies, which are obliged to take measures to ensure the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, the National Police plays an important role, which, in comparison with other law enforcement agencies, addresses the most issues related to the protection of human rights and freedoms. It is determined that this human rights structure, unlike others, was created for direct contact with citizens, and therefore the quality of human rights services provided by the state can be directly assessed by each person from his or her own life experience. Accordingly, the public's perception of all other law enforcement activities depends on the quality and efficiency of the work of the National Police.Key words: rights, freedoms, protected features, intersectionality, human and citizen rights, law enforcement agencies, activities of the National Police of Ukraine, international and national legislation.

The article considers the problems of operation and fields of concern of anti-Bolshevist governments on the territory of the Ural and Western Siberia in the period after the February Revolution of 1917. The problems of legal support and legal regulatory acts are analyzed. ; В статье рассматриваются проблемы организации и направлений деятельности «антибольшевистских» правительств на территории Урала и Западной Сибири в период после Февральской революции1917 года. Анализируются вопросы правового обеспечения, действовавшие нормативно-правовые акты.